{"id":9934,"date":"2026-07-20T03:07:00","date_gmt":"2026-07-20T03:07:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/?post_type=university-resources&#038;p=9934"},"modified":"2026-08-10T20:32:51","modified_gmt":"2026-08-10T20:32:51","slug":"comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace","status":"publish","type":"resources","link":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/es\/resources\/comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace\/","title":{"rendered":"aerospace heat treating: processes, alloys, and certification requirements"},"content":{"rendered":"<style> @media screen and (min-width: 400px) and (max-width: 770px) { .page-header .full-width .row .col-12.col-md-6.col-xl-5.featured-post-image { background-size: contain !important; } } \n\n.post-info-wrap .button.mx-auto {display: none;}\n<\/style>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It takes a lot of science and a ton of organization to turn drawings and documents into commercial, civilian and military aircraft. It\u2019s hard work\u2014and it\u2019s getting harder. Prices are rising. Supply chains are unpredictable. Maintaining safety is paramount.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En un momento en el que los fabricantes de equipos originales se ven sometidos a una gran presi\u00f3n para cumplir con sus obligaciones y, al mismo tiempo, preservar la calidad y la seguridad de las piezas, las asociaciones s\u00f3lidas con los proveedores -incluidas las que se establecen con los procesadores t\u00e9rmicos- pueden cambiar las reglas del juego.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:24px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons button is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button button-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-white-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Aalberts_Comprehensive-Guide-to-Advanced-Aerospace-Thermal-Processing-2026.pdf\" style=\"background-color:#dd042b\">download this article<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<aside id=\"block_43169975e441c9b3cf9baa33b2099194\"\n  class=\"anchor-nav-sidebar block anchor-nav-sidebar\">\n  <div class=\"anchor-nav-sticky\">\n    <h5 class=\"anchor-nav-title\">On This Page<\/h5>\n    <ul class=\"anchor-nav-list\" aria-label=\"Page sections\">\n                                              <li class=\"anchor-nav-item\">\n              <a class=\"anchor-nav-link\" href=\"#precision-importance\">importance of precision<\/a>\n            <\/li>\n                                                  <li class=\"anchor-nav-item\">\n              <a class=\"anchor-nav-link\" href=\"#common-alloys\">common alloys<\/a>\n            <\/li>\n                                                  <li class=\"anchor-nav-item\">\n              <a class=\"anchor-nav-link\" href=\"#heat-treatment-processes\">procesos de tratamiento t\u00e9rmico<\/a>\n            <\/li>\n                                                  <li class=\"anchor-nav-item\">\n              <a class=\"anchor-nav-link\" href=\"#nadcap\">nadcap requirements<\/a>\n            <\/li>\n                                                  <li class=\"anchor-nav-item\">\n              <a class=\"anchor-nav-link\" href=\"#first-inspection\">first article inspections and AS9102<\/a>\n            <\/li>\n                                                  <li class=\"anchor-nav-item\">\n              <a class=\"anchor-nav-link\" href=\"#reducing-risk\">reducing risk<\/a>\n            <\/li>\n                            <\/ul>\n  <\/div>\n<\/aside>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column content-for-anchor is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<h2 id=\"precision-importance\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">why precision matters in aerospace heat treating<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La b\u00fasqueda de aviones m\u00e1s r\u00e1pidos, ligeros y eficientes ha impulsado el desarrollo de innumerables aleaciones complejas. Y para que esas aleaciones funcionen como se han dise\u00f1ado, han surgido tratamientos t\u00e9rmicos igualmente complejos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The development of these parts and the advanced heat treatments necessary for them to achieve superior mechanical properties have made precision critical at every point in the supply chain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"common-alloys\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">what are common alloys used in aerospace components?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aircrafts feature a wide variety of complex materials. Manufacturers must balance important design and material selection concerns to produce long-lasting parts at reasonable costs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In a game of tradeoffs, the options are almost endless. Heat treaters play an important part in sorting through the choices to achieve the right balance of a diverse array of alloys.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<p class=\"has-custom-css has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-e26b382a423033d27ff69e8324475239 wp-custom-css-3fe7ee41 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#dd042b\"><strong>Complex thermal processes have emerged to match the complexity of alloys developed in the pursuit of faster, lighter and more efficient aircraft.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">aluminum alloys<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aluminum alloys have been crucial to aerospace material and design advances for decades. As production techniques have matured, aluminum alloys like 6061 helped make aircraft lighter and sturdier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Today, modern aluminum alloys remain integral in some aerospace applications due to their high strength-to-weight ratio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Common types include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list has-custom-css wp-custom-css-139c92b5\">\n<li>Aleaciones 5xxx con silicio y manganeso que son relativamente trabajables y se caracterizan por su alta dureza y alta resistencia a la tracci\u00f3n a pesar de su baja densidad.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Las aleaciones 2xxx se utilizan habitualmente para el servicio estructural y como elementos de fijaci\u00f3n y remaches.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Aleaciones 7xxx que tambi\u00e9n se comportan bien en aplicaciones estructurales y que cuentan con una gran tenacidad y resistencia al agrietamiento por corrosi\u00f3n bajo tensi\u00f3n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">aleaciones de titanio<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/es\/capabilities\/metodos-de-fabricacion\/titanio\/\">Titanium and titanium alloys<\/a> are commonly used in critical aircraft applications where resistance to constant stress is necessary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ti6Al4V, a titanium formula containing aluminum and vanadium as alloying elements, is the most popular.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It\u2019s known for its performance under constant severe motion in the cold sections of jet engines. Ti6Al4V is often specified for discs, ducts, turbine blades and bearing housings. Slight tweaks to the formula result in excellent performance in cryogenic temperatures. It\u2019s also sometimes used to make fasteners.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El titanio funciona bien en muchos entornos aeroespaciales, pero no se utiliza tan ampliamente como muchos en la industria desear\u00edan. Esto se debe a que el elemento es dif\u00edcil de extraer y procesar. Es posible que su uso se generalice a medida que mejoren las t\u00e9cnicas de extracci\u00f3n y procesamiento.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">nickel alloys<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/es\/capabilities\/metodos-de-fabricacion\/tratamiento-termico-de-superaleaciones\/\">Aleaciones de n\u00edquel<\/a> are also lauded for their performance in high-stress service environments. They\u2019re generally very resistant to corrosion, making them ideal for use in jet engine components in constant motion and subject to high heat and corrosive gases.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<p class=\"has-custom-css has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-84ca066f1f021ff5d3a23465616f32ff wp-custom-css-1ff1daf8 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#dd042b\"><strong>Nickel alloys are widely used in critical service environments due to their corrosion resistance and performance under high stress.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Common aerospace nickel alloys include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>WASPALOY y sus variantes, que son muy resistentes a las altas temperaturas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inconel 718 and Inconel 625, each of which boasts high strength in hot environments; 718 is stronger than 625 but 625 is more corrosion-resistant.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>La aleaci\u00f3n 36, que conserva las propiedades dimensionales a altas temperaturas y se especifica a menudo para la instrumentaci\u00f3n compleja de los aviones.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alloy 230, which resists corrosion under high stress and is suited for cold section service.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>PWA 1484, una f\u00f3rmula muy resistente a la fluencia a alta temperatura. Las alternativas son las aleaciones Ren\u00e9 N5 y N636, entre otras.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:24px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/GettyImages-149483758.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13494\" style=\"width:558px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/GettyImages-149483758.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/GettyImages-149483758-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/GettyImages-149483758-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/GettyImages-149483758-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/GettyImages-149483758-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:24px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">cobalt alloys<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cobalt alloys such as L-605 exhibit good oxidation resistance and high strength at elevated temperatures. They\u2019re commonly used in turbine rotors, nozzle diaphragm valves, springs, and other components.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">stainless steel alloys<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/es\/capabilities\/metodos-de-fabricacion\/acero-inoxidable\/\">Aleaciones de acero inoxidable<\/a> are among the most versatile in modern industry. From automotive to power generation to pharmaceutical applications and beyond, stainless steel alloys are widely specified for their excellent corrosion resistance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Las siguientes f\u00f3rmulas de acero inoxidable se utilizan ampliamente en una amplia gama de entornos aeroespaciales:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>304, utilizado en los dep\u00f3sitos de combustible y en algunos componentes estructurales no sometidos a temperaturas muy elevadas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>309, una f\u00f3rmula resistente al calor que contiene cromo y n\u00edquel adicionales.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>316, 316L, 321, S30415 y S30815, todos ellos m\u00e1s resistentes al calor y adecuados para su uso en sistemas de escape, motores y algunos servicios estructurales de alta temperatura.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>17-4Ph, una f\u00f3rmula que contiene aleaciones de cobre y niobio y que es comparable al inoxidable 304, pero que se elige cuando se desea una mayor resistencia a la corrosi\u00f3n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<h2 id=\"heat-treatment-processes\" class=\"wp-block-heading has-custom-css wp-custom-css-c24a238e\">how aerospace alloys are heat treated<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<p class=\"has-custom-css has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-cfaa6bb73bedf29f5cf37b6700775945 wp-custom-css-7e823fd7 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#dd042b\"><strong>Process control is crucial. In aerospace, there\u2019s no room for error.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many aerospace components sustain constant strain and motion and serve in extremely hot or cold environments. For parts like these, complex and precise heat treatments are necessary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/es\/capabilities\/procesa\/tratamiento-termico\/tratamiento-termico-al-vacio\/\">Hornos de vac\u00edo<\/a> are ideal for hardening and strengthening aerospace components for a couple of reasons:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Parts treated in vacuum furnaces cannot oxidize or become otherwise contaminated when atmosphere is removed from the chamber.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>These furnaces are built to include process controls that allow metallurgists to design the complicated treatment cycles that fulfill the industry\u2019s strict specs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Algunos proyectos vienen con especificaciones que dictan los par\u00e1metros exactos de tratamiento que debemos seguir. Otros pedidos especifican tratamientos basados en las propiedades que deben presentar las piezas, y nos corresponde a nosotros desarrollar el tratamiento que lo haga posible. En cualquier caso, confiamos en nuestro experimentado equipo de metal\u00fargicos y en los equipos m\u00e1s avanzados del sector.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:24px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1500\" height=\"998\" src=\"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/GettyImages-617880930.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13493\" style=\"width:558px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/GettyImages-617880930.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/GettyImages-617880930-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/GettyImages-617880930-1024x681.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/GettyImages-617880930-768x511.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/GettyImages-617880930-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:24px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vacuum furnaces operating in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/es\/lugares\/cleveland\/\">AST-Paulo\u2019s Cleveland Division<\/a> routinely execute complex day-long treatments that top 2,400 degrees Fahrenheit.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Our team of metallurgists can:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Create treatments that feature very slow ramp rates (down to around 1 degree per minute). This ensures that parts reach the required treatment temperature slowly and evenly, which promotes proper solutionizing.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fine-tune thermocouples to help our furnaces sustain temperatures to within +\/- 2 degrees for an extended period.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Using programmable logic controllers (PLCs), we can apply correction factors to treatments in progress. Dozens of sensors monitor around 1,000 different variables in real time and trigger alarms if out-of-spec conditions are observed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<p class=\"has-custom-css has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-cb0497415cd7ca462f61bde08cda8bf9 wp-custom-css-4f2577c0 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#dd042b\"><strong>Earning and maintaining key certifications is just as important for aerospace thermal processors as understanding materials and metallurgy.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There\u2019s more to thermal processing for the aerospace industry than an in-depth understanding of materials and metallurgy. Earning and maintaining key certifications is equally critical. Read on to learn about the industry\u2019s most rigorous certification and the benefits of working with providers who\u2019ve earned it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:24px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/4001B_Paulo_OH_3.6-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13495\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.4992888417882142;width:507px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/4001B_Paulo_OH_3.6-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/4001B_Paulo_OH_3.6-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/4001B_Paulo_OH_3.6-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/4001B_Paulo_OH_3.6-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/4001B_Paulo_OH_3.6.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"nadcap\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">what are the requirements for nadcap-approved heat treaters?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nadcap requirements are quite prescriptive. Other industry standards programs give suppliers varying amounts of leeway en route to achieving the benchmarks they set. Nadcap features no such liberty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Los tratadores t\u00e9rmicos homologados por Nadcap deben cumplir los requisitos relativos a todos los aspectos de su funcionamiento, entre ellos<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The types, sizes, and capabilities of heat treating equipment used to treat aerospace and defense components.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The details of how certain components must be treated (for instance, we need documentation showing our vacuum brazing or other solution treating operations pass muster according to the Nadcap program).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>El grado de precisi\u00f3n en la pirometr\u00eda (medici\u00f3n de la temperatura a distancia) que debe existir en los hornos de tratamiento t\u00e9rmico.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Garantizar que las reparaciones de los hornos se realicen de acuerdo con las normas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Las propiedades de los aceites de temple adecuados y las pruebas de calidad que deben superar los aceites antes de su uso.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>La formaci\u00f3n del personal que maneja los equipos utilizados en el tratamiento t\u00e9rmico aeroespacial y de defensa.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<p class=\"has-custom-css has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-c521a71c457a4c1faee48adc7b510abb wp-custom-css-4a9ed54f wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#dd042b\"><strong>Nadcap starts as acrucial requirement and ends as a mutually beneficial asset.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Becoming a Nadcap-approved heat treater requires proving you have the equipment and processes in place to treat safety-critical aerospace and defense components. Keeping the certification is all about maintaining the mountain of documents showing you\u2019re continually able to meet the strict requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"first-inspection\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">what are first article inspections and AS9102 requirements in heat treating?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uno de los principios de garant\u00eda de calidad m\u00e1s importantes de la industria es la inspecci\u00f3n del primer art\u00edculo (FAI), es decir, la inspecci\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica de las piezas nuevas para garantizar que funcionen como se han dise\u00f1ado.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aerospace, automotive, medical, and other industries all have FAI requirements. In general, these inspections entail thorough investigation of parts pulled from the first-ever batch to verify that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Se utiliz\u00f3 el material exacto especificado para una pieza determinada.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Se han seguido los m\u00e9todos de fabricaci\u00f3n o acabado detallados en las especificaciones.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Las caracter\u00edsticas de las piezas resultantes de la fabricaci\u00f3n o el procesamiento est\u00e1n dentro de las tolerancias establecidas en las especificaciones.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the aerospace industry, SAE AS9102 standardizes the documentation that industry suppliers must provide to meet OEMs\u2019 FAI requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Informes FAI para tratadores t\u00e9rmicos<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Because heat treatment of aerospace components is so critical to their end use, heat treatment documentation for FAI parts is quite extensive. Every aspect of heat treatment is documented, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>La inspecci\u00f3n de las piezas incluso antes de que se procesen para verificar que cumplen las tolerancias iniciales establecidas en las especificaciones.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Heat treatment parameters including type of treatment, how long the treatment lasts, how hot the furnace gets (and even how quickly or slowly that temperature is reached), and the way the part is quenched.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The verification of post-treatment variables like hardness, tensile strength, yield strength, and critical dimension characteristics against tolerances stated in specs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Este \u00faltimo punto es muy importante. El tratamiento t\u00e9rmico casi siempre distorsiona las piezas: es el precio que conlleva la mejora de las propiedades mec\u00e1nicas. Las inspecciones del primer art\u00edculo ayudan a los tratadores t\u00e9rmicos y a los clientes a determinar si los procesos especificados dar\u00e1n lugar a cantidades aceptables de distorsi\u00f3n o si es necesario cambiar las especificaciones de dise\u00f1o, material, fabricaci\u00f3n y procesamiento.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"reducing-risk\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">reduce risk with the right nadcap-certified heat treater<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When it comes to managing quality for aerospace components, every detail must be documented and scrutinized. Nothing can be left unplanned.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At AST-Paulo, our cross-functional team applies its heat treatment expertise to the information we gather about part design, material and manufacturing. This intensive review allows us to flag potential problems earlier in the process and, when possible, recommend upstream tweaks that will result in parts that pass inspection.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:24px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/GettyImages-959713974.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13492\" style=\"width:558px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/GettyImages-959713974.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/GettyImages-959713974-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/GettyImages-959713974-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/GettyImages-959713974-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/GettyImages-959713974-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:24px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Our advanced process tracking system ensures nothing slips through the cracks by recording process information in real time and alerting operators if furnace conditions such as pyrometry slip outside of the tolerances defined in treatment specs.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Together, with a team of expert metallurgists and advanced equipment, we provide heat treatments that are successful and highly repeatable.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ready to make your heat treating more precise and repeatable? <a href=\"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/es\/solicitud-de-presupuesto-v2-2\/\">Partner with AST-Paulo<\/a> on your next project.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Conozca las mejores pr\u00e1cticas para el procesamiento de aleaciones aeroespaciales, las caracter\u00edsticas clave de los tratadores t\u00e9rmicos con certificaci\u00f3n Nadcap y mucho m\u00e1s en esta gu\u00eda en profundidad.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":13488,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"markets":[81],"processes":[114,115,16,116,117,92,75,121,138,197,135,139],"equipment":[143,146,20,18],"methods":[22,161,163],"materials":[178,179,181,182],"parts":[24,205,25],"resource-types":[192],"class_list":["post-9934","resources","type-resources","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","markets-aerospace","processes-annealing","processes-blasting","processes-brazing","processes-carburizing","processes-cryogenic-deep-freezing","processes-heat-treating","processes-hot-isostatic-pressing","processes-martempering","processes-solution-treating","processes-stress-relieving","processes-through-hardening","processes-vacuum-furnace-brazing","equipment-air-furnace","equipment-continuous-hydrogen-belt-furnace","equipment-hot-isostatic-press","equipment-vacuum-furnace","methods-casting","methods-investment-casting","methods-machining","materials-nickel-based","materials-specialty-alloy-steels","materials-stainless-steels","materials-titanium","parts-fasteners","parts-machined-parts","parts-metal-stampings"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>aerospace heat treating processes and common alloys | AST-Paulo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn about key heat treating processes, common alloys, and certification requirements.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/es\/resources\/comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_MX\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"aerospace heat treating processes and common alloys | AST-Paulo\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Learn about key heat treating processes, common alloys, and certification requirements.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/es\/resources\/comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Paulo\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-08-10T20:32:51+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Aalberts_Comprehensive-Guide-to-Advanced-Aerospace-Thermal-Processing-2026.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Tiempo de lectura\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutos\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/resources\\\/comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/resources\\\/comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Sam Casey\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e8f90cc13bcc4f6d4439d488199c49b9\"},\"headline\":\"aerospace heat treating: processes, alloys, and certification requirements\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-07-20T03:07:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-08-10T20:32:51+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/resources\\\/comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1732,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/resources\\\/comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/07\\\/Aalberts_Comprehensive-Guide-to-Advanced-Aerospace-Thermal-Processing-2026.jpg\",\"inLanguage\":\"es\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/resources\\\/comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/resources\\\/comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/resources\\\/comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace\\\/\",\"name\":\"aerospace heat treating processes and common alloys | AST-Paulo\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/resources\\\/comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/resources\\\/comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/07\\\/Aalberts_Comprehensive-Guide-to-Advanced-Aerospace-Thermal-Processing-2026.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-07-20T03:07:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-08-10T20:32:51+00:00\",\"description\":\"Learn about key heat treating processes, common alloys, and certification requirements.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/resources\\\/comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"es\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/resources\\\/comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"es\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/resources\\\/comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/07\\\/Aalberts_Comprehensive-Guide-to-Advanced-Aerospace-Thermal-Processing-2026.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/07\\\/Aalberts_Comprehensive-Guide-to-Advanced-Aerospace-Thermal-Processing-2026.jpg\",\"width\":2000,\"height\":1500},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/resources\\\/comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Resources\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/resources\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"aerospace heat treating: processes, alloys, and certification requirements\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"Paulo\",\"description\":\"Heat Treating | Brazing | Metal Finishing | Paulo\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"es\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Paulo Heat Treating\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"es\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/08\\\/PAU_Logo-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/08\\\/PAU_Logo-1.png\",\"width\":172,\"height\":39,\"caption\":\"Paulo Heat Treating\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e8f90cc13bcc4f6d4439d488199c49b9\",\"name\":\"Sam Casey\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"es\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/105928e9f3dd2200713bbff053c6740a6dcbdd78b0bcbe59d09b16469c53e12c?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/105928e9f3dd2200713bbff053c6740a6dcbdd78b0bcbe59d09b16469c53e12c?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/105928e9f3dd2200713bbff053c6740a6dcbdd78b0bcbe59d09b16469c53e12c?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Sam Casey\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.paulo.com\\\/es\\\/author\\\/scasey\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"aerospace heat treating processes and common alloys | AST-Paulo","description":"Learn about key heat treating processes, common alloys, and certification requirements.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/es\/resources\/comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace\/","og_locale":"es_MX","og_type":"article","og_title":"aerospace heat treating processes and common alloys | AST-Paulo","og_description":"Learn about key heat treating processes, common alloys, and certification requirements.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/es\/resources\/comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace\/","og_site_name":"Paulo","article_modified_time":"2026-08-10T20:32:51+00:00","og_image":[{"width":2000,"height":1500,"url":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Aalberts_Comprehensive-Guide-to-Advanced-Aerospace-Thermal-Processing-2026.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Tiempo de lectura":"2 minutos"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/resources\/comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/resources\/comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace\/"},"author":{"name":"Sam Casey","@id":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/#\/schema\/person\/e8f90cc13bcc4f6d4439d488199c49b9"},"headline":"aerospace heat treating: processes, alloys, and certification requirements","datePublished":"2026-07-20T03:07:00+00:00","dateModified":"2026-08-10T20:32:51+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/resources\/comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace\/"},"wordCount":1732,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/resources\/comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Aalberts_Comprehensive-Guide-to-Advanced-Aerospace-Thermal-Processing-2026.jpg","inLanguage":"es","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/resources\/comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/resources\/comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace\/","url":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/resources\/comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace\/","name":"aerospace heat treating processes and common alloys | AST-Paulo","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/resources\/comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/resources\/comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Aalberts_Comprehensive-Guide-to-Advanced-Aerospace-Thermal-Processing-2026.jpg","datePublished":"2026-07-20T03:07:00+00:00","dateModified":"2026-08-10T20:32:51+00:00","description":"Learn about key heat treating processes, common alloys, and certification requirements.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/resources\/comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"es","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/resources\/comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"es","@id":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/resources\/comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Aalberts_Comprehensive-Guide-to-Advanced-Aerospace-Thermal-Processing-2026.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Aalberts_Comprehensive-Guide-to-Advanced-Aerospace-Thermal-Processing-2026.jpg","width":2000,"height":1500},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/resources\/comprehensive-guide-to-advanced-aerospace\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Resources","item":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/resources\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"aerospace heat treating: processes, alloys, and certification requirements"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/","name":"Paulo","description":"Tratamiento t\u00e9rmico | Soldadura | Acabado de metales | Paulo","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"es"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/#organization","name":"Paulo Heat Treating","url":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"es","@id":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/PAU_Logo-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/PAU_Logo-1.png","width":172,"height":39,"caption":"Paulo Heat Treating"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/#\/schema\/person\/e8f90cc13bcc4f6d4439d488199c49b9","name":"Sam Casey","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"es","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/105928e9f3dd2200713bbff053c6740a6dcbdd78b0bcbe59d09b16469c53e12c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/105928e9f3dd2200713bbff053c6740a6dcbdd78b0bcbe59d09b16469c53e12c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/105928e9f3dd2200713bbff053c6740a6dcbdd78b0bcbe59d09b16469c53e12c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Sam Casey"},"url":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/es\/author\/scasey\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resources\/9934","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resources"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/resources"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9934"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resources\/9934\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13529,"href":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resources\/9934\/revisions\/13529"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9934"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"markets","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/markets?post=9934"},{"taxonomy":"processes","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/processes?post=9934"},{"taxonomy":"equipment","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/equipment?post=9934"},{"taxonomy":"methods","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/methods?post=9934"},{"taxonomy":"materials","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/materials?post=9934"},{"taxonomy":"parts","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/parts?post=9934"},{"taxonomy":"resource-types","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.paulo.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/resource-types?post=9934"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}